There are a few possible reasons why a Linux system might not recognize an attached hard disk:
Incorrect cable connection: Make sure the SATA cable is securely connected to the hard disk and the SATA controller on the motherboard.
Faulty cable: If the SATA cable is damaged or not working properly, it may cause the hard disk to be unrecognized. Try replacing the SATA cable and see if that resolves the issue.
Incorrect hard disk configuration: The hard disk may be configured in a way that is not compatible with the SATA controller. For example, if the hard disk is configured as a boot device and the SATA controller does not support booting from it, it may not be recognized.
Hardware failure: The hard disk or the SATA controller may have failed and may need to be replaced.
Driver issues: If the SATA controller is not recognized by the Linux kernel, it may be because the necessary drivers are not installed. You may need to install the appropriate drivers for your SATA controller.
To troubleshoot this issue, you can try the following steps:
Check the connection between the hard disk and the SATA controller to make sure it is secure and not damaged.
Check the configuration of the hard disk and make sure it is compatible with the SATA controller.
Check for any error messages in the system logs, such as dmesg, that may provide more information about the issue.
Try installing the appropriate drivers for the SATA controller, if necessary.
If these steps do not resolve the issue, it may be necessary to replace the hard disk or the SATA controller if they are found to be faulty.